Hard Landscaping Vs Soft Landscaping: Cost Differences

10 Feb 2026 22 min read No comments Blog

Hard Landscaping vs Soft Landscaping: Understanding Cost Differences

When designing your outdoor space, one of the biggest decisions you’ll face is choosing between hard landscaping and soft landscaping. Each option has its unique characteristics, and understanding the cost differences can help you manage your budget effectively. Let’s dive into what these two terms mean and how they impact your landscaping project.

Defining Hard Landscaping

Hard landscaping refers to the use of non-plant materials in your outdoor design. This includes items like:

  • Patios and pathways
  • Retaining walls
  • Decking
  • Pools and water features
  • Fencing and gates
  • Driveways

These features are essential for creating structure and functionality in your garden. They are often made from materials such as stone, concrete, metal, and wood.

Understanding Soft Landscaping

In contrast, soft landscaping focuses on natural elements, featuring live materials. This comprises:

  • Plants and flowers
  • Grass and lawns
  • Trees and shrubs
  • Mulch and soil
  • Ground cover

Soft landscaping provides the beauty and greenery that makes spaces inviting and alive. It plays a vital role in enhancing the ecosystem by attracting wildlife and improving air quality.

Cost Comparison: Hard vs Soft Landscaping

When evaluating hard landscaping versus soft landscaping based solely on costs, you will find notable differences:

Feature Hard Landscaping Cost Soft Landscaping Cost
Materials Higher, due to stone or concrete Generally lower, depends on plant selection
Installation Labor-intensive; can require heavy machinery Less labor-intensive but requires knowledge of plants
Maintenance Low, once installed Ongoing, involves watering, pruning, etc.
Durability Very durable, can last decades Shorter lifespan; plants may need replacing

Factors Influencing Costs

Several factors affect the costs of hard and soft landscaping. Understanding these can assist you in budgeting appropriately:

  • Material Choice: Higher quality materials in hard landscaping will increase costs significantly. Soft landscaping can vary widely depending on plant selection.
  • Size of the Area: Larger areas require more materials and labor, impacting the overall price.
  • Design Complexity: Intricate designs may require more skilled labor and expensive materials.
  • Installation Difficulty: Terrain conditions can dictate whether additional work is needed, raising costs.

Maintenance Costs

It’s essential to consider not just installation costs but also ongoing maintenance. Hard landscaping usually requires minimal upkeep. Conversely, soft landscaping requires continual care, which means that your long-term budget should reflect these expenses.

While hard landscaping tends to be a higher initial investment, it often balances out in terms of maintenance. Soft landscaping may be less expensive initially, but the recurrence of costs due to plant maintenance can add up over time.

Choosing the Right Option for Your Needs

Your choice between hard and soft landscaping should align with your aesthetic goals, budget constraints, and the level of maintenance you’re prepared to commit. A well-planned combination of both hard and soft landscaping often yields the most appealing results, providing both structure and greenery in your outdoor space.

For more insights on landscaping options, you can check out LawnStarter or Gardenista. These sites offer extensive resources on landscaping design and cost considerations.

The Importance of Choosing the Right Landscaping Type for Your Property

When considering how to maximize your outdoor space, selecting the appropriate type of landscaping can make all the difference. This decision affects not only the aesthetics of your property but also its functionality and maintenance. Understanding the distinctions between hard and soft landscaping is crucial for property owners. Each type offers unique benefits and costs whether you are embarking on a complete overhaul or simply enhancing your existing landscape.

Understanding Hard Landscaping

Hard landscaping involves the use of non-plant materials in your garden design. This can include concrete, stone, wood, or metal. Structures such as patios, decks, pathways, and retaining walls fall under this category. The benefits of hard landscaping are numerous:

  • Durability: Hard surfaces tend to last longer than soft landscapes, requiring less frequent replacements.
  • Low Maintenance: Once installed, hardscapes require minimal upkeep compared to living plants that need regular care.
  • Functional Spaces: They help create distinct areas for entertaining, dining, or leisure activities.
  • Increased Property Value: Well-designed hardscaping can significantly boost property value by enhancing curb appeal.

Understanding Soft Landscaping

In contrast, soft landscaping encompasses living elements like plants, trees, flowers, and turf. This type of landscaping brings vibrancy and color to your property, creating a welcoming environment. Here are some advantages of soft landscaping:

  • Natural Aesthetics: Softscapes add beauty and create a sense of tranquility with lush greenery and blooming flowers.
  • Improving Air Quality: Plants can enhance air quality by filtering pollutants and producing oxygen.
  • Biodiversity: Soft landscaping supports wildlife, providing habitats for birds, insects, and other creatures.
  • Seasonal Variety: Different plants can offer changing appearances through various seasons.

Cost Differences Between Hard and Soft Landscaping

Landscaping Type Initial Cost Maintenance Cost Longevity
Hard Landscaping Higher Initial Investment Low (minimal upkeep) 10-50 years (varies by material)
Soft Landscaping Lower Initial Investment Higher (regular maintenance needed) Varies (depends on plant choices)

When it comes to costs, hard landscaping typically requires a higher initial investment due to materials and installation. However, it compensates for this through lower maintenance expenses over time. On the other hand, soft landscaping may seem cost-effective at first, but ongoing maintenance such as watering, pruning, and pest control can add up.

Choosing What’s Right for Your Property

To determine the right landscaping type for your property, consider the following factors:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Your Budget: Evaluate your financial resources. Remember to incorporate long-term costs into your budget.
  • Climate: Certain plants thrive in specific climates. Ensure your soft landscaping choices are suitable for your local weather conditions.
  • Usage: Assess how you intend to use your outdoor space. If you plan to entertain guests frequently, hardscaping might be more beneficial.
  • Time Commitment: Determine how much time you can devote to maintenance. If your schedule is tight, hard landscaping may reduce the time you spend outdoors caring for your property.

By weighing these considerations, you can make a more informed decision that meets your expectations and lifestyle requirements. For practical guidance, reputable resources such as Landscaping Network offer extensive information on landscaping options. Additionally, local landscaping companies can provide tailored advice specific to your area.

Your landscaping choices play a vital role in the overall look and feel of your property. Whether you lean towards the stability and longevity of hard landscaping or the beauty and environmental benefits of soft landscaping, the right decision can lead to a delightful outdoor space that reflects your personal taste and enhances your enjoyment of your surroundings.

Factors Influencing Hard and Soft Landscaping Costs

When planning your landscaping project, understanding the factors influencing costs for both hard and soft landscaping can be crucial for staying within budget. These two types of landscaping serve different purposes but can greatly complement each other. Knowing their cost differences helps you make informed decisions.

Material Selection

The type of materials chosen will significantly impact the costs of your landscaping project. Hard landscaping involves the use of durable materials like brick, stone, concrete, or metal, which can be expensive. The cost of these materials may vary based on their quality, sourcing, and demand in your area.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

For soft landscaping, you will primarily deal with living plants, soil, and mulch. These materials tend to be less expensive than hard landscape materials. However, factors such as the type of plants (annuals vs. perennials), soil condition, and availability can affect overall costs.

Labor Costs

Labor is often one of the most significant expenses in any landscaping project. Hardscaping typically requires skilled labor for installation, which can elevate costs. Tasks like laying pavers or building walls demand expertise, often leading to higher labor rates.

In contrast, soft landscaping may require less specialized labor, especially if you’re planting flowers and shrubs that are not overly complicated to install. However, complex garden designs or intricate planting schemes may still entail higher labor costs.

Design Complexity

The complexity of your landscaping design plays a significant role in determining overall costs. A simple, clean layout may be cost-effective, while intricate designs with multiple levels, features, or plant varieties will increase expenses. Hardscaping elements, including pathways, walls, and patios, are often more complex and therefore more costly to design and implement.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Soft landscaping designs can also vary in complexity. For example, a simple flower bed is affordable compared to a full-scale garden renovation that requires specialized design and planning.

Site Preparation

Preparing the site is another crucial factor that influences costs. Hard landscaping often requires substantial groundwork. This may include excavation, grading, and the installation of drainage solutions, which can raise costs significantly.

Soft landscaping requires less extensive site preparation; however, if your garden area has poor soil or needs soil amendments, this too may add to the overall cost. Evaluate your site conditions thoroughly to understand any additional labor or material that may be needed.

Maintenance Requirements

The ongoing maintenance needs of both hard and soft landscaping will also affect long-term costs. Hardscaping typically requires minimal ongoing maintenance, mainly focusing on repairs over time. In contrast, soft landscaping demands regular upkeep, including watering, trimming, and replanting, which can add up.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Environmental Considerations

Your location and environmental factors can also greatly impact the costs associated with hard and soft landscaping. Soil conditions, climate, and local regulations can influence plant choices as well as the materials you may opt for in hardscaping. In some areas, specific materials might be more readily available or cost-effective due to local suppliers.

Initial Investment vs. Long-term Value

While hard landscaping often involves a higher initial investment, it can add lasting value to your property. Durable structures like patios or walkways usually have longevity, enhancing your home’s appeal. Soft landscaping typically requires a lower initial investment but might incur higher care costs over time.

References and Additional Reading

A Comparative Analysis of Installation and Maintenance Expenses

When considering the aesthetics and functionality of outdoor spaces, you may find yourself weighing the differences between hard landscaping and soft landscaping. Understanding the installation and maintenance expenses associated with each can profoundly impact your decision.

Hard landscaping refers to the non-plant elements in a garden, such as pathways, patios, walls, and even water features. These materials are typically rigid and can be made from stone, wood, metal, or concrete. Soft landscaping, on the other hand, includes the living elements like plants, trees, shrubs, and turf. Both options come with their own sets of expenses that you should take into account.

Installation Costs

The installation costs of hard landscaping can vary widely depending on the materials used and the complexity of the project. Generally, hard landscaping tends to be more expensive upfront due to the labor and materials involved. Here’s a brief overview of estimated costs for common hard landscaping elements:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Paved Pathway: $10 to $40 per square foot
  • Concrete Patio: $6 to $15 per square foot
  • Retaining Walls: $20 to $60 per square foot
  • Water Features: $1,000 to $15,000 depending on size and complexity

In contrast, soft landscaping is generally more affordable to install. However, costs can still vary based on factors such as plant size, variety, and logistics. Here are some common soft landscaping installation costs:

  • Grass Sod Installation: $0.80 to $2.00 per square foot
  • Tree Planting: $50 to $500 depending on size
  • Flower Bed Setup: $50 to $150 per bed

Maintenance Expenses

While installation costs can guide your initial spending, ongoing maintenance is crucial for keeping your outdoor space beautiful and functional. The maintenance of hard landscaping might appear lower at first, but it can lead to hidden costs over time.

Typically, hard landscaping requires minimal upkeep once installed. For example, a stone pathway or concrete patio might need occasional power washing, which could cost between $100 and $300 per visit. However, potential repairs due to cracking or settling can add another $500 to $2,000 over time, depending on the issue and material.

Soft landscaping, on the other hand, often requires more frequent care. Here’s a quick look at the recurring expenses:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Lawn Care: $30 to $80 per visit for mowing, edging, and blowing
  • Fertilization and Weed Control: $100 to $300 per year
  • Plant Replacement: $50 to $150 per plant annually

Long-term Value Considerations

When comparing hard landscaping versus soft landscaping, it’s essential to consider long-term value. Hard landscaping can enhance property value significantly due to its permanence. However, the flip side is that a garden rich in soft landscaping can provide a more inviting atmosphere, encouraging outdoor enjoyment.

Ultimately, you’ll want to consider the purpose of your landscaping. Do you prioritize low-maintenance and durability? Then hard landscaping might be your best bet. If you enjoy changing garden aesthetics and cultivating plants, opt for soft landscaping.

Additional Resources

For more information regarding landscaping options, you can refer to the following resources:

Understanding the cost differences between hard landscaping and soft landscaping can help you make informed decisions that suit your budget and preferences. Whether you lean toward the durability of hard elements or the liveliness of soft features, each choice has its own unique benefits and considerations to keep in mind.

Enhancing Property Value: Which Landscaping Type Pays Off?

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

When investing in your home, enhancing its value is often a priority. One of the most effective ways to achieve this is through landscaping. The right type of landscaping can significantly boost curb appeal and overall property value. However, not all landscaping types have the same impact or cost. This article will look at the differences between hard landscaping and soft landscaping to help you determine which type best pays off for your property.

Understanding Hard Landscaping

Hard landscaping involves the use of non-plant elements in your garden or yard. This includes materials like:

  • Patios
  • Paving stones
  • Decking
  • Retaining walls
  • Fencing
  • Water features

These features tend to be more durable and require less maintenance compared to soft landscaping. For example, a well-constructed patio using quality materials can provide an outdoor living area that’s both functional and visually appealing.

Exploring Soft Landscaping

Soft landscaping, on the other hand, focuses on the use of plants, flowers, and other organic materials. It includes:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Grass and lawns
  • Flower beds
  • Shrubs and trees
  • Vegetable gardens
  • Mulch and soil amendments

Soft landscaping contributes to the atmosphere of your yard, providing color, texture, and natural beauty. However, it usually requires ongoing maintenance, such as watering, weeding, and seasonal planting.

Cost Differences Between Hard and Soft Landscaping

When considering the financial aspect, it’s essential to understand the cost differences between hard and soft landscaping. Generally, hard landscaping projects may require a higher upfront investment but often pay off in the long run.

Type of Landscaping Initial Cost Maintenance Cost Longevity
Hard Landscaping Higher Lower Long-lasting (10-50 years)
Soft Landscaping Lower Higher Shorter lifespan (1-10 years)

While soft landscaping may initially seem more affordable, the ongoing maintenance can add up over time. On the other hand, investing in hard landscaping can lead to substantial appreciation in property value since these features tend to stand the test of time.

The Impact on Property Value

Hard landscaping features can increase your home’s value significantly. Properties with well-designed patios or walkways often attract buyers for their functionality and aesthetic appeal. In fact, studies have shown that landscaping can increase property value by as much as 10-15%. This boost is especially noticeable when the hard landscaping is thoughtfully integrated into the overall design of the home.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Soft landscaping also adds value, mainly through the appeal of lush, well-maintained gardens. Introduced correctly, vibrant flowers and healthy trees can elevate your property’s aesthetic considerably. However, buyers may perceive the costs of maintaining soft landscaping as a drawback, especially if they prefer low-maintenance options.

Combining Hard and Soft Landscaping

For optimal results in enhancing property value, combining both hard and soft landscaping can be the best approach. A balance ensures you get the durability of hard landscaping with the natural beauty of soft landscaping. For instance, creating a beautiful garden around a sturdy patio can create an inviting outdoor space that draws potential buyers in.

Final Thoughts

Investing in landscaping is necessary for homeowners looking to increase property value. Hard landscaping tends to offer a more significant return on investment due to its lower maintenance and higher longevity, while soft landscaping brings beauty and a natural appeal. By understanding the cost differences and visual impacts of each type, you can make informed decisions that pay off.

For further details on improving your landscape and enhancing your property’s value, visit Landscaping Network or check out Houzz for design inspiration.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Environmental Impact: Hard vs Soft Landscaping Solutions

When it comes to landscaping, understanding the environmental impact of different approaches is vital for making informed choices. Hard landscaping and soft landscaping both offer unique benefits and drawbacks. Comparing these two options allows you to pick a solution that aligns with your sustainability goals.

Hard Landscaping Features

Hard landscaping includes non-plant elements like stone walls, patios, sidewalks, and paved areas. While these structures serve practical purposes, they significantly affect the ecosystem in various ways:

  • Impermeable Surfaces: Hard surfaces prevent water infiltration into the soil, leading to increased runoff. This can cause flooding in urban areas and reduce groundwater recharge.
  • Heat Absorption: Materials like concrete and asphalt absorb and retain heat, contributing to the urban heat island effect. This phenomenon raises ambient temperatures in cities, resulting in higher energy consumption for cooling.
  • Maintenance Requirements: Hard landscaping can require more resources to maintain, such as water and chemical treatments for cleaning, which can harm the environment.

Soft Landscaping Attributes

Soft landscaping involves planting trees, shrubs, grass, and other living elements. The environmental benefits of soft landscaping cannot be overstated:

  • Soil Health: Plants improve soil health by preventing erosion and enhancing nutrient availability. Healthy soil contributes to more robust ecosystems and supports more diverse wildlife.
  • Water Absorption: Soft landscapes facilitate natural water absorption. Plants help keep rainwater in the soil, which reduces the risk of runoff and flooding.
  • Carbon Sequestration: Trees and other plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, playing a critical role in mitigating climate change. This makes soft landscaping an effective tool for reducing your carbon footprint.

Cost Implications of Hard vs. Soft Landscaping

Cost should also factor into your decision. Generally, hard landscaping is more expensive upfront due to materials and installation. However, soft landscaping may require ongoing maintenance costs. Here’s a clearer comparison:

Feature Hard Landscaping Soft Landscaping
Initial Cost Higher, due to materials like stone and concrete Lower, mainly involves planting and soil preparation
Maintenance Cost May incur higher costs for repair and cleaning Ongoing costs for watering, pruning, and pest control
Longevity Long-lasting, but may need replacement over time Variable; plants have lifecycles, may require replacement

Sustainability Considerations

Choosing between hard and soft landscaping can affect sustainability efforts. Consider the following:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Native Plants: Soft landscaping offers the chance to use native plants, which require less water and maintenance, ultimately promoting biodiversity.
  • Recycled Materials: Hard landscaping can utilize recycled materials, reducing environmental impact even if it still adversely affects water management.

Making a Balanced Decision

Finding a balance between hard and soft landscaping often yields the best results. both can enhance aesthetics and functionality while minimizing negative impacts. For instance, you might choose permeable pavers for pathways, allowing water to filter into the ground, which combines the benefits of both landscaping methods.

Ultimately, your choice will depend on various factors, including local climate, soil conditions, maintenance capabilities, and personal preferences. Green Space Live provides resources to help you learn more about sustainable landscaping practices.

By critically evaluating environmental impacts alongside financial costs, you can create a landscape that is not only beautiful but also sustainable and mindful of nature. For tips on eco-friendly gardening and landscaping, visit TreePeople.

Tips for Budgeting Your Landscaping Projects Effectively

Landscaping can be a rewarding way to enhance your home’s curb appeal and create an inviting outdoor space. However, like any home improvement project, effective budgeting is key. To make the most of your landscaping investment, you need to keep track of costs and plan wisely. Here are several tips to help you budget your landscaping projects effectively.

Assess Your Landscaping Needs

Start by determining what you want to achieve with your landscaping project. Consider factors such as:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Desired aesthetic.
  • Functionality (e.g., entertainment space, play area for kids).
  • Maintenance requirements.

By defining your goals upfront, you can narrow down your options and avoid unnecessary splurges later on.

Research Costs Thoroughly

Gather information about different landscaping materials, plants, and labor costs. Some resources to consider include:

  • Local nurseries for plant pricing.
  • Home improvement stores for materials.
  • Landscaping companies for labor estimates.

You can also check out websites like HomeAdvisor for cost insights. Understanding the pricing landscape will help you set a realistic budget.

Prioritize Your Expenses

Once you have a clear idea of the costs involved, prioritize your expenses. Identify must-have elements versus nice-to-have items. For example:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Must-Have Nice-to-Have
Basic lawn care Water features
Essential plants Decorative lighting
Pathway construction Outdoor furniture

By focusing on essentials first, you can ensure your project stays within budget.

Explore DIY Options

Consider doing some tasks yourself. DIY landscaping can significantly reduce labor costs. Some projects to tackle yourself include:

  • Planting flowers and shrubs.
  • Building garden beds.
  • Installing mulch.

If you’re handy, you might even attempt small hardscaping projects. However, be realistic about your skill level to avoid costly mistakes. Check resources like Family Handyman for guides on DIY landscaping.

Get Multiple Quotes

If you plan to hire professionals, obtain multiple quotes. This step is crucial to ensure you’re getting a fair price. When contacting landscaping companies, consider asking about:

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

  • Material choices to stay within budget.
  • Possible discounts for larger projects.
  • Payment plans or options.

By comparing prices and terms, you can make an informed decision and avoid overpaying.

Factor in Maintenance Costs

When budgeting your landscaping project, don’t forget to include ongoing maintenance costs. This can include:

  • Watering and irrigation systems.
  • Seasonal plant care.
  • Fertilizers and pest control.

Consider creating a yearly maintenance plan that outlines these costs, helping you avoid surprises down the line.

Stay Flexible with Your Budget

Project timelines and the weather can affect your landscaping work. For that reason, it’s smart to include a buffer in your budget—typically around 10-15%. This extra cushion ensures you can handle any unexpected expenses without derailing your entire project.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Keep Track of Expenses

Use a spreadsheet or an app to record all your expenses in real time as you progress through your landscaping projects. This practice can help you remain within your budget and make adjustments if necessary. Keep track of all receipts, as this will help you monitor your spending closely.

By following these tips, you can effectively budget for your landscaping projects and create a beautiful outdoor space without overspending. Remember, good planning is the cornerstone of any successful project. For more detailed landscaping guidance, you can visit Better Homes & Gardens for expert advice and inspiration.

Key Takeaway:

When it comes to landscaping your property, understanding the differences between hard and soft landscaping is crucial, especially regarding cost implications. This article delves into various facets of hard landscaping versus soft landscaping, providing valuable insights that can help you make informed decisions. One of the first things to note is that hard landscaping involves the use of solid materials such as stone, concrete, and brick, whereas soft landscaping refers to plants, flowers, and soil. The misunderstanding surrounding these definitions can lead to miscalculations in estimated costs.

Choosing the right type of landscaping for your property is not just an aesthetic decision; it significantly affects your budget as well. Factors influencing the costs of each type include material choices, labor fees, and maintenance requirements. Installation and maintenance expenses can vary greatly, with hard landscaping typically requiring a higher upfront investment, while soft landscaping may incur ongoing costs for plant care and replacement.

It’s important to analyze the long-term benefits of each landscaping type, especially concerning property value. Hard landscaping often adds significant value, thanks to its durability and appeal to potential buyers. However, soft landscaping can also provide a substantial return on investment due to its capacity to provide a lush, inviting atmosphere, which appeals to families and environmental enthusiasts alike.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Moreover, the environmental impact of your landscaping choices cannot be overlooked. Soft landscaping solutions can promote biodiversity, while hard landscaping may contribute to heat retention and runoff issues if not designed with eco-friendly practices in mind.

Effective budgeting for your landscaping project is essential. Careful planning and consideration of all costs—from installation to maintenance—will ensure you stay within your financial limits while enhancing your property sustainably and attractively. weighing the cost differences between hard and soft landscaping is vital to optimizing the value and aesthetic appeal of your outdoor space.

Conclusion

When considering your landscaping choices, weighing the differences in cost between hard and soft landscaping elements is essential. Each type has its unique advantages and expenses, which can significantly impact your overall budget. Understanding the importance of selecting the right landscaping type for your property ensures that you make informed decisions that reflect your personal style and enhance your home’s value.

Several factors influence the costs of both hard and soft landscaping, including materials, installation, and ongoing maintenance. It’s crucial to conduct a comparative analysis to find a balance between initial installation costs and long-term upkeep expenses. While hardscaping often involves higher upfront costs due to materials like stone or concrete, soft landscaping can lead to an ongoing investment in maintenance, such as watering and trimming plants.

Moreover, both landscaping types offer varying benefits when it comes to enhancing property value. Hardscaping features can provide attractive designs and practical features, while soft landscaping creates inviting green spaces that can improve your home’s appeal. Don’t forget to consider the environmental impact of your choices; soft landscaping solutions tend to be more sustainable, supporting biodiversity.

Get quote here: landscapegardeneredinburgh.com

Budgeting for your landscaping projects can seem daunting, but with careful planning and by considering both hard and soft landscaping’s costs and benefits, you can create a space that aligns with your vision. Evaluate your property’s unique needs, consult with landscaping professionals when necessary, and make educated choices that will provide lasting beauty and value for years to come.

Disclaimer:
This website provides information only and does not offer medical, legal, or professional advice. We accept no liability. Consult a qualified professional.

Share: